Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the practice of green roofing and municipal policy tools used to promote this practice, and to determine which of these, if any, would be politically, practically, and economically feasible for the City of Missoula, and make appropriate recommendations.

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INTRODUCTION

This document is a condensation of the input of 60 experts from academia, state and local government, and the nonprofit sector who gathered in Chicago on October 21 and 22, 2010 to outline the range of issues which need to be addressed in order to safely grow food on former brownfield sites. A list of the participants in this workshop is available in Appendix A.

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PrecisionAgriculture is the first company in Australia to offer a rapid soil pH mapping service.
We imported the pH Detector unit from America in December 2010 andmounted it on a Yamaha Grizzly 700 quad bike. Clients are using the pH mapsto better understand lime requirements. Paddocks which measure significant soil pH (water) variability can also receive a variable rate lime prescription map.

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W H AT I S T H E U R B A N H E AT I S L A N D E F F E C T ?
The Urban Heat Island Effect is the difference you feel when you go from an asphalt parking lot to a tree-shaded park on a hot summer day. It is also the difference in temperature between a city and the rural area that surrounds it. Dark surfaces absorb and radiate heat, raising temperatures as much as 6 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit. The result is more than uncomfortable. It has consequences for our environment, our checkbooks and our health.

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Introduction
If you don’t have space for a vegetable garden or if your outdoor space doesn’t provide the necessary elements to produce the flower garden you’ve always wanted, consider the possibility of “container gardening.” A patio, deck, balcony, or doorstep can provide enough space for a productive, attractive display. If you live in an apartment with limited outdoor space, you might consider doing a little indoor gardening. By using sunny windowsills, you can grow a number of herbs in containers.

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Abstract
A framework for modular wireless sensor networks (WSN) designed to capture and monitor micro-climates in a crop field. WSN is rapidly improving in automotive industry, agricultural, industrial and environmental monitoring and many other areas. Moulder architecture minimises the software upgrade down time and enables hardware reusability. If any firmware upgrade required, preassembled and pre-programmed microcontroller module can be sent to the end user Recent developments and advances in wireless technology as well as affordability give rise to this emerging field in the realm of Precision Agriculture (PA). Vineyard monitoring is an emerging application field in PA.

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• Glossary (0)

Abstract
This paper presents a overview of the benefit of geometrically corrected digital terrain images for resource mapping and precision farming. It provides a brief summary of the methodology used in the geometric correction of aerial and satellite imagery. Recently completed projects were used to determine the cost involved in the acquisition of ground control; in the acquisition of digital terrain elevation data; and in the production of geometrical corrected aerial photographs. GPS techniques were used for the acquisition of ground datum control and digital terrain elevation data. Off-the-shelf geometric correction software was used for the production of the orthoimages.

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Introduction
The initial excitement about precision agriculture technology is over. Many arable farmers in New Zealand are now disheartened by the cost of monitoring equipment and sceptical about the economic benefits such technology can impart to their farming system, particularly at a time when margins are being squeezed. In an effort to demonstrate the usefulness of such technologies to the farmer there is a need to understand both the temporal and spatial variability that occurs within a paddock (Cook and Bramley 1998). In arable farming the understanding is more difficult than for a perennial crop such as grapes or apples, as it is compounded by the annual nature of most crops and the hence the need for a crop rotation.

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Lecture Coverage
•Pasture Monitoring
•Soil Mapping
•Fertiliser Application Monitoring
•Animal Behaviour

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Executive summary
The primary objective of this research was to demonstrate the potential benefits of precision farming to arable farmers by intensively monitoring three paddocks to determine the variability within each paddock and to identify which soil, plant and management factors impact on crop yield and quality. This information was to be used to demonstrate the economic benefits of identifying different growth zones within a paddock and altering the management of each zone to maximise its potential.

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Foreword
We all have a vision of what the future will look like and when it comes to technology we all have some visions of robots performing the jobs that most of us would happily pass up. The Industrial, Green and Digital Technological Revolutions have driven agricultural output to levels capable of feeding the exponential growth in human population to date. With a predicted world population increase from the 6.8 billion today to over 10 billion by 2050, growth in agricultural output will need to continue. This combined with an ever declining rural labour force and the need for greater efficiencies will inevitably lead to increasing levels of in-field automation. We‟ve all seen video clips of modern factories, with their robots doing the intricate and repetitive tasks faster and more consistently than possible with manual labour. Is this what the farm of the future will look like?

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Abstract. Over the last two decades terrestrial and global 3D measurement sensors in the field of engineering geodesy have seen a significant upturn. With modern measurement techniques, a 3D trajectory of a moving object can be determined within a few centimetres (mostly with Global Navigation Satellite Systems, GNSS), under certain circumstances and with an overall understanding of the applied method accuracies of within five to ten millimetres can be achieved (tracking total station). New application areas have now been created in the fields of construction, mining and agriculture.

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Vorwort
Welternährung und Klimaschutz sind eng miteinander verknüpft. Etwa 13,5 % der globalen Treibhausgasemissionen werden unmittelbar durch landwirtschaftliche Produktion verursacht. Weitere 12 % entstehen durch Ausweitung landwirtschaftlicher Flächen auf Kosten von Wäldern, natürlichem Grasland, Mooren etc. Das im Holz und Bodenhumus gespeicherte CO2 wird dabei freigesetzt. Mit der rasant steigenden Nachfrage nach Lebensmitteln und nachwachsenden Rohstoffen wächst auf die Landwirtschaft der Druck, mehr zu produzieren. Nach Schätzungen der FAO wird beispielsweise der Bedarf an Getreide zwischen 2000 und 2030 um mehr als 40 % ansteigen.

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Introduction: biodiversity, agriculture and the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
Europe’s agricultural sector has received sustained public support under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) over the last 50 years. This support has evolved alongside growing recognition and awareness of the strong links between agricultural production and biological diversity conservation. On one hand, it was recognised that changing agricultural land use is a major cause of the decline of biodiversity in Europe. Whereas on better land farming systems have generally intensified, poorer land has been subject to abandonment or afforestation. Traditional, low-intensity farming systems with high nature value have gradually and steadily disappeared (EEA, 2009a).

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Introduction

Managing frost risk in New Zealand vineyards has been at the forefront of growers’ minds after severe frost damage to the 2001 and 2003 vintage. Hawke’s Bay Grape Growers Association estimated their growers lost 40 percent of their 2001 crop from frost damage (Wairarapa Times-Age, 2001). There has been a subsequent increase in interest and investment in frost protection methods as growers seek to protect their crop. Frost protection is an expensive exercise, whether it be use of helicopters during the night, wind machines to mix inversion layers or sprinkler systems.

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Abstract

Variation in field application from a centrifugal fertiliser spreader has, in the past, been difficult to assess due to the intensive field testing required. However, with the application of current technologies such as Global Positioning Systems and Geographic Information Systems, the assessment of field application variation is now possible. The aim of this research was to develop a method to assess field application variation using basic transverse spread pattern test and vehicle tracking data. The information was used to measure and compare the effect of spread pattern, driving accuracy, driving method and paddock shape. Two differently shaped paddocks were used for analysis, one rectangular, the other triangular.

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ABSTRACT.

Fertilizer spreader testing plays an important part in achieving accurate, uniform application of nutrients to the land; however, current testing methods are often laborious, with high levels of manual input required to obtain specific spread characteristic information. This study aimed to review and identify potential techniques and test one that could be incorporated into a spreader testing program. A review of available spreader tests throughout the world showed varying results. Measurement systems requiring a mathematical algorithm to calculate the landing position of individual particles were found to be quick interpolators, but inaccurate. Tray collection, used extensively by quality assurance programs throughout the world, is accurate in producing distribution pattern results; however, it is a laborious task, especially when analyzing multiple spread patterns for variable-rate application. An image-processing method showed the greatest potential as a rapid analysis and interpretation tool of spread pattern data.

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Abstract
Collecting accurate fertiliser distribution information from large field trials is difficult and very labor intensive. A computer analysis method was developed for analysing field application variation of fertiliser distribution from any spreading vehicle. The tool used measured machine parameters including geographical position and a series of static spread patterns from the spreading vehicle to create application surfaces. The tool proved to be effective for calculating an accurate representation of field application variation and should have many uses in fertiliser application research.

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Introduction
Following the introduction of Precision Viticulture (PV) technologies to the Australian wine industry in the late 1990’s, and the associated research during the intervening years, an increasing number of grape and wine producers are recognising the value of understanding the inherent biophysical characteristics and performance of their vineyards for improved viticultural management and decision-making. By definition, PV is viewed as a continuous cyclical process of observation, evaluation and interpretation leading to the implementation of a targeted management plan, followed by further observation and refinement of the management plan if required (Proffitt et al., 2006). The rationale behind this process is that through the use of spatial information, any given viticulture decision has an increased likelihood of delivering the desired or expected outcome compared to a similar decision made in the absence of such information.

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